The positive and negative effects of ICT in view of its social, economic, legal and moral implications Essays

The positive and negative effects of ICT in view of its social, economic, legal and moral implications Essays The positive and negative effects of ICT in view of its social, economic, legal and moral implications Paper The positive and negative effects of ICT in view of its social, economic, legal and moral implications Paper Computers have and will continue to revolutionise every part of our day-to-day living. The use of ICT has made great improvement to our living. The use of ICT has made great improvements to be lives, and has done a lot of good for mankind. However, the use ICT regardless of its advantages also has its down sides. In this report, I am going to discuss some of the positive and negative effects of ICT in view of its social, economic, legal and moral implications. Social aspects are those effects that are made upon society, and how people behave and act towards each other. Moral issues arte those, which concern right and wrong. Economic issues are linked with employment and money. Finally legal aspects are those to do with the law. The social issues consist of:- 1. (information risk) and (information poor) Not every one is able to afford a computer. A two tie society could be created because of this people who are computer literate and those who are unable to exploit the technology. 2. The internet changing how we react More people are shopping online and are communicating via email making people lazy. Internet communication may make people lose their personal communication sills. 3. over reliance on technology People rely too much on computers for the smooth running of society. 4. impact on literacy People spend more time on the computer games and the consequences less time for reading and improving literacy skills. Educations concentration may drop. 5. Swiftness of life The pace of life is increasing by the use of computers. Computers are changing and may people are adapting to the way of the internet thinking. The main moral issues are: 1. unrestricted internet areas Children access sites without parental control. There is little control on what can be downloaded or posted on the internet. 2. computers are replacing people at work People are losing their jobs because the computers are machineries do their jobs. 3. easy to copy files copying computer files is very easy. The use of computers has a great effect on people all around the world. Email is a cheap and fast to be sent to whom you want around the world. Videoconferences can be held because this increasing technology. This digital communication is used through satellite and telephone capable. The use of television and cable is also used through satellite. Now internet can be accessed through phone and via text, images and videos can be sent in seconds. The legal aspect of ICT The increasing use of ICT and its effects many new laws have had to be made. Some of which are listed below:- The data protection Act 1998 This presents the data themes with its right. It contains 8 rules which are as follows: Personal data must be used for lawfully purpose All personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. The data must be pertinent, significant, and less for the purpose. Should be exact Data must be safe in the right of the data subject matters Data must not go out to any countries out of the European economic. If the law is not abided on then the person would be faced with a consequence such as paying a fine. Computer misuse Act 1990 Due to the misuse of ICT such as hacking, fraud and viruses, the law was introduced in 1990 called computer misuse act 1990, this made three things illegal which are as followed: Illegal hacking, this includes things that you are not allowed to look legally. The started that if this rule was broken then the person would get a fine of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 and a six month imprisonment. If someone gained computer materials illegally, then the consequence for breaking this rule is that the person gets an unlimited fine and imprisonment, the maximum years for imprisonment is up to five years. The copyright Design and patience act 1989 This law states that it is illegal to copy files without authorization from the copyright holder. The law can be broken in three ways Downloading text and images from the internet, by not saying where you got them from. Using software without the licence. Copying a program which you use at work and then you use that same program at home with out asking the copyright holder for permission. The person who does this they are breaking the law and the person would get an unlimited fine. The regulations of investigatory power Act 2000 This law is about converting computer uses at work for health and safety (Display Screen Equipment) regulations 1992. This law says that the employer needs to do 5 things: Analyse workstations, and access to reduce risk for the employers need to check that computer equipment is safe and if it is not they have to make it straight. Ensure workstations meet minimum requirements: this includes working computer chairs and good lighting. Planning work so there are changes of activities: employers should not expect there employers to work on the computers all day they should give them breaks. They have to provide free eye tests to all the staff members, who regularly use VDU (Visual Display Units) as part of their job. Provide health and safety training and information: so employers would know some kind of action themselves to reduce the health risks. The economic aspects of ICT Many jobs have been lost thought this revolution of computers and machines. These jobs are mostly last through the car industry because they have switched from manual labour to computer-controlled machines, to construct their cars. The government faces unemployment because of machines, which have taken over thought computerised systems. However, the government helps people find jobs. The internet is an open door to trading EBay is one of the fastest growing ways of selling at home. The social economic issues in regards to using ICT in interactive travel agencies: Social aspects: People may fear that there personal information would be hacked into. People might become too reliable on using the travel agency on the net, which it may result in them losing their confidence of actually asking directly about flight in the travel agencies. No appointment is needed to use the online travel bookings. People may feel more free and comfortable on using the travel agent system as there is no time limit where it can be used. People may not know how to use computers so they will not fell comfortable. Moral aspects: Some people may feel that this system is available to children and they may get access to some particular things which parents may feel uncomfortable with. The travel agency system may be a popularity of travel agencies.

Legal Ethical Nursing Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legal Ethical Nursing Situation - Essay Example (Scott, 2000) Practice sisters in GP group practices who often do the actual disease notification are not the ones to receive the statutory payment. Senior HIV/AIDS discharge co-coordinators (nurses) and research nurses have been employed with part of their job defined in terms which are normally part of the doctor's role. Needless to say, they are paid less than doctors. There is generally a lack of recognition and concern for the dilemmas nurses are faced with in this field. Although the ethical codes of both the medical and nursing professions are not at odds on these matters, the actual practice is. In fact, the nursing code in particular is quite advanced and very clear, but the conflicts and power struggles which still exist between medicine and nursing make it very difficult for nurses-advocates of the patients-to live by the letter and spirit of their code. Not only does the individual nurse suffer in this situation, but any decent nurse is forced into defending the rights of the patient in opposition to the quality of the data collected. This is not an argument against nurses entering the field of epidemiology, but rather an argument for bringing the rights of the individual patient and the public aims of epidemiology and health policy together. Nurses are often in the best position to identify these problems and should be listened to. (De Selincourt, 2000) Literature Review/ Case Study A young woman, Amanda, is pregnant. She attends the antenatal clinic, where a midwife takes her health history and runs a series of tests, such as blood, urine and blood pressure. She is counseled by the midwife on, among other things, the implications of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and of being tested for it. Although the midwife has no reason to believe that Amanda has been exposed to HIV, she offers her an HIV test. Amanda declines, as there seems to be no need for one. She is also aware of the difficulties in obtaining a mortgage if she has this test. The blood sample taken by the midwife is sent to a laboratory for analysis for hemoglobin content, rubella antibodies, and syphilis. At the same time a small amount of blood from this sample is placed in an unnamed test tube which is then sent to a central laboratory to be tested for HIV. The midwife is completely unaware that this has occurred so cannot inform Amanda. The next time that Amanda visits the antenatal clinic the other blood results are returned to her and, as they are normal, she continues with her pregnancy uneventfully. Unknown to her the anonymous blood sample has been tested and found to be HIV antibody positive and this is recorded at the national surveillance centre, where data on HIV and acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other infectious diseases are collected. The information accompanying this sample includes Amanda's age range (i.e. between 35 and 40 years), her gender and the geographical origin of the sample. In this case the epidemiologist will not have information about the means by which HIV was contracted. The data will provide information about the trends of HIV among pregnant women who attend antenatal clinics over a five-year period. Amanda's pregnancy

Friedrich List Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Friedrich List - Essay Example 6). List claims that his theory of â€Å"National System† is based on historical empiricism. Therefore, though he agrees with the Classical School of Economy on the point that global free marketplaces are desirable, he seems to be concerned about the monopolist influence of the strongest economy on the countries of weaker economy. Merely one century after the industrial revolution had began to force the European nations to seek for newer and cheaper sources of raw materials in order to feed their ever booming mills and factories, List foretold the economic imperialism of the technological industry-based economies of the world. Therefore, the prerequisite for a country’s participation in the global free marketplace, as List suggests, is to reach the level of the leading nation. It may seem that List is advocating for such criteria of participation in the global free marketplace, which will mostly impossible for the countries of weaker economies to fulfill. On the surface level, it seems that there must be some nations who will never be able to attain the level of the leading nations. ... Throughout his whole life, List had sought for individuality. This tendency provoked him to adopt his father’s business of tannery. Instead, he joined the post of a clerk in the public service and later he became the under-secretary in a ministerial department in 1816. Subsequently he became a professor of political administration at the University of Tubigen and a deputy to the Wurttemberg Chamber where he strongly raised his voice for administrative reforms (Henderson, 1983, pp. 4-5). His rebellion against the administrative conventions at the Wurttemberg Chamber earned him ten months’ imprisonment in the Jail of Asperg. In 1824, h escaped from the imprisonment and immigrates to America where he gathered experiences as a landholder from farming which inspired him to look deep into the economic infrastructure of a country. Furthermore, he claimed that Alexander Hamilton’s works inspired him a lot to view the economy of a country as a ‘National Systemâ€⠄¢. Indeed, during his stay in Germany, his experience with the arbitrary bureaucratic political system assisted him to perceive the political dimension of economy and the importance of the political system’s role in people economic welfare of the common people who are not directly attached to politics (Henderson, 1983, pp. 13-15). For List, â€Å"the nation is the most important link between the individual and mankind† (â€Å"Frederick List†, 1968, pars. 6). This of concept of List about the indispensability of politics from economy later became realized more by Henry Clay’s â€Å"American System†. During his stay in Pennsylvania in America, he wrote â€Å"Outlines of a New System of Political Economy† and published it 1827. In this pamphlet, he

The Effects of Addicting to Cyber Social Networks Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Addicting to Cyber Social Networks Essay The Effects of Addicting to Cyber Social Networks Social network is an addictive thing nowadays. I believe that everyone, start from teenagers up to old people addict to cyber social networks. Almost every single breathe, they update their twit, their statues, etc. If we cannot control ourselves to use this social network in the good way, it will not take a long time for us to get the bad impacts. There are so many bad impacts of addicting social networks. First of all, we will next to our far away people we usually connected to, but we will be far with the people around us. How come? Many people always keep contact to their friends in cyber world by social networking, so they often don’t care with the people around them. That condition absolutely makes others feel uncomfort to talk with that person. So, don’t be surprised if those real friends will stay away from that person. Actually it’s good to keep contact with people who far away with us. However, real friends are more important than cyber friends. Why? Because if we have a problem, real friends will help us directly than cyber friends. So the main point here, we have to priority our real friends first, then our cyber friends. The second is our main activity will be annoyed because of addicting to social networks. I am sure that we often meet someone who cannot live faraway from their gadget just to update his social networks. Don’t you ever think that this habit actually is annoyed his main activity? For example, there is a student in a class. All of us know that his main activity should be related with studying. However, if he is too busy with his social networks, how about his study? I believe that he will not be able to focus on his study because every single breathe he updates his social networks as I said before. That habit will also influence his score, how come? Because if we cannot focus on what we do, of course we will not be able to do it well. We will not be able to give our best on it. The last but not least, addicting to social networks will give bad impact for our body. As we know that if we addict to something, in this case social networks, we will not be able to be separated with our gadgets. Whenever and wherever we go, those gadgets will stick with our hand, and absolutely it’s dangerous for us. Medical research has found that two mobile phones which are calling to each other for some hours can make an egg cooked. From that news, I think we should know how dangerous the radiation of this gadget is. Besides the radiation, too much doing this activity will make us feel lazy to move, we will sit all day long. Sitting for a long time is also not good for our body, we have to do exercise at least 15 minutes per day regularly. As you know, it is really dangerous for us if we cannot use cyber social networks in a good way. Being far away with people around us, annoying our main activity and also causing harm for our health is just some examples of this bad habit. In my opinion, technology is good for us, but we have to use it in a good way too, so we can get the advantages. Sonia Dwi Cahyanti 110221414604/AA

Behavior and Leadership :: Relationship Oriented Leader

Welcome to this presentation on behavior and leadership. During this presentation there will be many details discussed about various types of personalities of leaders. Some styles may be familiar and some may not. There are many styles of leaders and this presentation focuses of comparing and contrasting four different styles. The final recommendation for an organization choosing a leadership style is to allow the employees to have an input on what they prefer—this may increase retention rates. There are four major types of behaviors and personalities of leadership that will be covered during this presentation. Those four types are relationship-oriented versus task-oriented and emotional intelligence versus cognitive intelligence. The relationship-oriented leader (ROL) likes to know team members very well including their most emotional traits. The ROL is very serving to team members and is the most likely type of leader to help the team with tasks when they are overwhelmed. These types of leaders strongly believe that every worker has the drive to accomplish goals and some may have been damaged by previous leaders to where they just need some the correct care showed to them. ROL’s have an open-door policy and like to communicate their values. They feel that all team members must be on the same page to operate successfully. ROL’s excel at aligning new team members into existing teams. This type of leader is service-oriented meaning that he or she puts the needs of the team before his or her own and expects team members to want to be confided in. The ROL’s moral personality makes team members trust them easily (Dubrin, 2010). The task-related leaders care deviates away from the person and towards the task the majority of the time. A task-related leader has the tendency to look down on people that have less strength than others. These types of leaders can quickly assess team members’ weaknesses, likely too quickly for a team member to feel he or she got a chance to express his or herself—fully intending to show good personality. Employees with many weaknesses in relation to the tasks will be supervised much more than stronger employees—both types of team members will be given frequent feedback about how well they are performing tasks. These types of leaders enjoy being innovative with designing electronics and devices that may assist team members in performing their tasks with ease and efficiency.

Agriculture importance Essay

Those of us who preach the gospel of agriculture with evangelical zeal find the text compelling and convincing. We are regularly possessed by the spirit only to look around and see out colleagues, in other sectors, in country management, or even our senior management doubting, yawning or subtly edging towards the door. We face the implicit query, â€Å"If agriculture can do such great things, why have they not yet happened? †1 The past decade has been one of agro-pessimism. The promises that agricultural development seem to hold did not materialise. This pessimism seemed to coincide with pessimism about Sub-Saharan Africa. Especially for Sub-Saharan Africa the hope was that economic development would be brought about by agricultural development. After the success of the green revolution in Asia, the hope was that a similar agricultural miracle would transform African economies. But this hope never materialised, agricultural productivity did not increase much in SSA (figure 1), and worse, the negative effects of the green revolution in Asia became more apparent, such as pesticide overuse and subsequent pollution. Also in Asia the yield increases tapered off. The sceptics put forward several arguments why agriculture is no longer an engine of growth2. For instance, the liberalisation of the 1990s and greater openness to trade has lead to a reduction in the economic potential of the rural sector: cheap imported Chinese plastic buckets out compete the locally produced pottery. On the other hand, it does mean cheaper (imported) supplies. With rapid global technical change and increasingly integrated markets, prices fall faster than yields rise. So, rural incomes fall despite increased productivity if they are net producers3. The integration of rural with urban areas means that healthy young people move out of agriculture, head to town, leaving behind the old, the sick and the dependent. It is often also the men who move to urban areas, leaving women in charge of the farm. This has resulted in the increased sophistication of agricultural markets (and value chains) which excludes traditional smallholders, who are poorly equipped to meet the demanding product specifications and timeliness of delivery required by expanding supermarkets. The natural resource base on which agriculture depends is poor and deteriorating. Productivity growth is therefore increasingly more difficult to achieve. Finally, multiplier effects occur when a change in spending causes a disproportionate change in aggregate demand. Thus an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent. But as GDP rises and the share of agriculture typically decreases, the question is how important these multiplier effects are, especially when significant levels of poverty remain in rural areas, which is the case in middleincome countries4. The disappointment with agriculture led many donor organisations to turn away from agriculture, looking instead to areas that would increase the well-being of poor people, such as health and education. Those organisations that still focused on agriculture, such as the CGIAR, were put under pressure to focus more on reducing poverty, besides increasing agricultural productivity. However, since the beginning of the new century, there seems to be a renewed interest in agriculture. A review of major policy documents5, including the well-publicised Sachs report and the Kofi Annan report, show that agriculture is back on the agenda again. The most influential report, however, has been the World Development Report 2008 of the World Bank6. This report argues that growth in the agricultural sector 1 contributes proportionally more to poverty reduction than growth in any other economic sector and that therefore alone, the focus should be on the agricultural sector when achieving to reach MDG 1. A reassessment of the role of agriculture in development seems to be required. This policy paper addresses several timely though complex questions: †¢ First, how can or does agriculture contribute to economic development, and in particular how does it relate to poverty? †¢ Second, the agricultural sector has changed considerably in the past decades: what are the main drivers of this change? †¢ Third, what is the relationship between economic or agricultural growth and pro-poor development? †¢ Fourth, how does agriculture relate to other sectors in the economy? †¢ Fifth, who is included and who is excluded in agricultural development, specifically focusing on small farms? †¢ And finally, if agricultural development is indeed important to economic development, then why, despite all the efforts and investments, has this not led to more successes? 2. Agriculture and economic growth This section presents a number of factual observations describing how the agricultural sector changed in terms of productivity, contribution to economic growth, and indicating the relevance of the agricultural sector for poverty alleviation in different regions. Background: some facts In the discussion of the role of agriculture in economic development, a leading question is how agriculture contributes to economic growth, and especially to pro-poor growth. There seems to be a paradox in the role of agriculture in economic development. The share of agriculture contributing to GDP is declining over the years (see figure 1). At the same time, the productivity of for instance cereal yields has been increasing (see figure 2). It seems that as agriculture becomes more successful, its importance declines in the overall economy. Of course, other sectors in the economy can be even more successful, such as the Asian Tigers.

Commonalities in Religions - 550 Words

The pre-Columbian religions found outside of Eurasia were wildly diverse, but they nearly always emphasized a few basic beliefs. Perhaps this was because they stemmed from a similar progenitor religion in the distant past, perhaps they picked up on some basic part of the human psyche. While there were many differences in the intricacies of the religions of Polynesia, the Andes, and Mesoamerica, they all shared a polytheistic faith, a belief that gods are derived from nature, and a belief that sacrifice was needed to maintain the natural order of the world. In polynesia, the dominant pre-columbian religion was animism–the belief that all things have some sort of spiritual power. In Polynesia, this power was called mana (Encyclopedia Britannica). Polynesians believed that this spiritual power, this mana, could be negated by human actions. As a result of this, many tapu (brought into English as taboo) were set up in order to prevent humans from upsetting the natural order of the world. As with their neighbors in Mesoamerica, the polynesians believed in a form of human sacrifice to right the unbalance in the mana of a person or a thing. This was especially clear when someone walked over the shadow of a chief or a noble. It was thought that this would damage the mana of the person and only the death of the offender would correct this unbalance. Like most cultures, the Polynesians had many gods which would personify some part of nature and who would be deeplyShow MoreRelatedThe Three Abrahamic Religions And Islam994 Words   |  4 PagesThe Three Abrahamic Religions – Incongruity despite common Foundation Christianity evolved from Judaism, and Islam evolved from – mainly Syrian – Christianity. Naturally the three religions share a lot of common elements, but also many differences. Like most religions, the Judaic, Christian, and Islamic religions see themselves as a true religion based on godly revelation, and claim universal validity. 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